The Bank of England and The Chancellor

Never again could the Chancellor strife with the Bank's suggestion in setting advance charges, as Conservative Chancellors had now and then done (King, 1997). New Labor changed the institutional framework in one essential manner: it surrendered operational power over cash related methodology to the as of late made Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Bank of England. Technique clarity was intended to affect development wants and it was prosperous in achieving falling swelling in any case falling joblessness both when the 1997 political decision. Also, New Labor continued with the Conservative methodology of proclaiming an expansion target and publicizing the insight of the Bank of England on the fitting settings for a money related technique to achieve the objective.One may expect that the Labor left would not be so satisfied this was to be certain an issue, as explained underneath. As (Burnham 2001) has battled, this institutional change kept an eye on the central issue of â€Å"Old Labour† which had been gotten on different sides, â€Å"unfit to fulfill the selective guidelines of its traditional supporters and trade affiliation aggressors or convince budgetary capital of the loyalty of its money related arrangements†. In the cash related markets, the administration would simply lose in case it hoped to wander off from the Bank's proposal; on the other hand, the decision to trade operational control of advance expenses to the Bank made sure about a brief vote of assurance from the business sectors.This recomm ended hitting the development target called for sufficiency in yield and work around their ‘characteristic' or â€Å"non-stimulating inflation† levels. Allotting an expansion center to a national bank may radiate an impression of being particularly in the monetarist custom. While monetarists had supported a â€Å"decreased frame† record of swelling as directed with money gracefully advancement, New Keynesians got ‘basic' models in which a cash related lift would experience the certified economy to impact firms' worth setting decisions. Expansion is exhibited as the eventual outcome of compensation esteem movement got by Phillips Curves. A couple of Labor MPs required the Governor's acquiescence and worker's organizations in like manner took an interest in censuring the bigger piece of the MPC for keeping interest costs too high.One decision about the arrangement of the FSA made discussion. Thusly loan costs strategy and swelling concentrating on transformed into the central methods for coordinating the budgetary cycle. In case ‘value quality' suggested asset cost and furthermore purchaser esteem trustworthiness, by then the national bank should address clear disequilibria, for instance, house estimation bubbles. One issue with this methodology concerned the improvement of advantage costs. This rose up out of Labor's decision to trade commitment with respect to continuing financial management from the Bank of England to the FSA. Not long after Labor came to control, the then Governor surmised that action disasters were a sufficient expense to pay for checking house estimation development in the south (Wighton and Tighe, 1998). Regardless, this dispute can be flipped completely around: without data of the state of the money related markets, the Bank can't assess the effect of premiums rate change (Goodhart and Schoenmaker, 1995). (Peston 2006) shows the two standard conflicts at the time with respect to why continuing financial management ought to be traded, one taking into account specific reasonability and the other on bureaucratic legislative issues. Unquestionably the Conservative Chancellor, Nigel Lawson, saw the choice between budgetary methodology centers around a ‘moment mastermind' decision (Oliver and Pemberton 2004), an evaluation resonated by (Hall 1993). The specific dispute is that the Bank's cash related methodology limit may conflict with money related quality, if, for example, a rising in loan costs required for esteem steadfastness would place banks or various associations in a tough situation. On the off chance that a financial declined waited, this suggested swelling would diminish and advance charges should be cut to enable the economy; then again, if the economy appeared to overheat, loan fees would go up.

Patriotic Sentiment in the Interwar Essay Example for Free

Energetic Sentiment in the Interwar Essay The making of the British Empire and its â€Å"contributions† to the government assistance of its states was utilized by numerous English history specialists as a wellspring of support for its reality and future. Obviously, numerous English antiquarians would normally put the British Empire as the â€Å"empire† that aimed for osmosis and multiculturalism, which had been missing in past domains (in spite of the fact that this is begging to be proven wrong) (Aldrich 1988:24). Added to that, as a result of the apparent inadequacy of the colonized people groups, a considerable lot of these history specialists generally connected to the â€Å"white man† the huge job of gatekeeper (Aldrich 1988:25). As of late notwithstanding, this idea of racial predominance was supplanted by the standards of balance and self-judgments. This was in lieu of the expanding flood of enthusiastic estimations of the colonized people groups and a general trade off of the frontier controls over the eventual fate of the previous provinces, as ordered by the United Nations. Present day English history specialists, while proceeding to legitimize the presence and establishment of the British Empire, conceded a portion of the mix-ups and grave blunders normally credited to the British Empire. In any case, they contended that these errors were submitted due to legitimate need. Other pilgrim powers were avariciously seeking to supplant Britain in its job as a superpower. Germany for example, before the beginning of the First World War, was building an incredible naval force to supplant Britain as an ocean power. France was occupied with peering toward British states in Central Africa for its own abuse. To put it plainly, the blunders submitted by Great Britain to its settlements were a consequence of self-protection. Added to that, all together for the states to profit by British pioneer rule, the colonized people groups would need to forfeit a portion of their obsolete or â€Å"primitive† establishments and embrace organizations that are portrayed by effectiveness and pledge to open assistance. These legitimizations made by English students of history on the job and eventual fate of the British Empire were instilled in the investigation of history. History as a Tool for Application of Theoretical Knowledge The utilization of history to legitimize the presence and establishment of the British Empire was not conceived out of preference or unconfirmed facts. Actually, early English antiquarians noticed that history ought to be as logical as conceivable so as to speak to the genuine idea of world occasions. Added to that, these English students of history saw history as an application instrument for updating the political, social, and financial frameworks of the present reality. In particular, information on the finish of the British Empire would normally clear to more prominent solidarity and comprehension between previous provinces and the motherland (the colonizer); that they have a typical history, and somewhat comparable social, monetary, and political structures. In spite of the fact that for the normal watcher this may appear to be somewhat hopeful and without recorded check, this was the down to earth side of the logical control of history, in the event that we accord them to these English students of history. In this manner, the broad utilization of history as a device for the political comprehension of nations with a â€Å"common† history was the consequence of hypothetical defense of English students of history on the presence and rule of the British Empire to about an enormous bit of the Earth’s populace. This was however an issue for some nearby history specialists in the previous settlements. They widely utilized history as a device for belittling their pioneer oppressors: the support of freedom developments and unrests. This logic part of history, contingent upon the person who sees it, perplexed authentic information, making the order of history itself the vantage purpose of vulnerability (Aldrich, 2000). Thus, we will inspect the different practices that were fused in an enormous, regular society. Regardless, we will likewise look at power relations between the motherland and its states just as the issue of resilience and social contrasts. Social Toleration in the British Empire When England at long last vanquished France and Spain in a progression of pioneer wars, it had the option to set up settlements in North America and Asia (Africa was not the objective of colonization since it was seen as an inhabitable and ungracious mainland †albeit business bases were built up to smooth out exchange and trade with other European forces) (Baldwin, 2007). Britain had the option to secure Malacca from the Portuguese in the last 50% of the sixteenth century. India and Canada fell under the control of the British after France’s rout in the Seven Years War (called French and Indian Wars in North America). The eastern shoreline of the present United States was colonized by England (the Thirteen Colonies) to cultivate more prominent exchange between North America and England (it was known as New England). Australia and New Zealand were colonized to give the British Empire correctional states for the rouge components of British society. Renegades and political detainees were extradited to these correctional settlements. In the last 50% of the nineteenth century, Britain had the option to claim a few Chinese ports after a progression of wars with China, at that point under the standard of the Manchus (known as Opium Wars). In South America and the Caribbean, a few islands were colonized by the British to balance Spanish and French force in the territory (despite the fact that in the early piece of the nineteenth century, Spain controlled at any rate 2/3 of the land zone of North, Central, and South America). In the European parcel of Africa, Britain controlled an enormous bit of North, Central, and Southern Africa. These colonized regions short the 13 settlements were known as the British Empire. The British cultivated an arrangement of social toleration to dishearten the local populace from revolting. Moslems, Hindus, Taoists, Buddhists, and other Oriental religions existed one next to the other with Christianity in issues like exchange and trade. Sanctuaries of various religions were treated with deference and nobility by British specialists. In any case, British rulers particularly Queen Victoria even went to the provinces to assess and motivate the local populaces to help Great Britain in its financial endeavors, to assist the motherland and the states, and its pilgrim wars with other European forces (particularly France and Germany). Strict celebrations were proclaimed as occasions, with certain special cases, to encourage more noteworthy solidarity with the local populace. English was not an implemented language. This was done to safeguard and advance the way of life of the local populaces. The â€Å"British† instructive framework was acquainted with animate more noteworthy financial effectiveness in the states. The British parliament, in its meetings, proclaimed that training was the main conceivable and least hazardous method of opening the states to genuine turn of events. The British parliament and somewhat the British rulers realized that there were type of British monetary abuse in the provinces, in this manner the main route for them to reproduce the picture of the â€Å"British Empire† was to support instruction. English was instructed in the colleges (other European forces abhorred this sort of procedure) built up outside Britain. Monetary and sea schools were likewise settled to animate the locals to expand their efficiency yield and to partake in maritime endeavors. In any case, the British armed force was renovated so as to remember locals for the fighter finance. At a predetermined position, a local could ascend to an unmistakable position in the military. Obviously, to fit in the worldwide economy, Britain likewise made establishments that would strategically and socially coordinate the homeland and the states. The old models of abuse and mistreatment were supplanted by frameworks of shared collaboration and responsibility to a typical financial objective. In this manner, these commitments of the Britain to its provinces turned into the system of early English students of history for defending the presence of the British Empire. Enthusiasm and Nationalism: The Beginning of Decline Nationalistic conclusion in the settlements developed in the last start of the twentieth century. In view of the overall thriving of the settlements, a portion of its locals had the option to concentrate in European colleges and ready to gain the expanding flood of ultra (patriotism in Europe contrasts from the patriotism of the states on one check: patriotism in European nations concentrated on the procurement of provinces to carry wonder to the nation, while in the states on freedom) in Europe. At the point when they came back to their country, they built up associations which pointed of achieving autonomy or self-administration status of their countries. The British specialists normally would suppress these â€Å"uprisings† since this put into question business as usual, and for the most part the authenticity of the British Empire. Force Relations But due to the inclusion of Great Britain in the two World Wars, it had to give self-administration status to huge numbers of its provinces in return for monetary and military help (in India, Gandhi asked the Indians to battle on the British). In any case, on account of the changing political environment in Britain around then, the British specialists again squashed these freedom developments. Many had to go underground. Some look for political refuge in America or The Netherlands. Added to that, political hypothesis and political training were erased in the course educational plan of numerous colleges for dread that the British may close the establishments. The motivation behind the British specialists was consistently to save the standard of the British Crown on the states. All methods were in this manner vital so as to disseminate these freedom developments. Consequently, while the British were available to social toleration, they abhorred political developm

Building your Financial Life The Taxman Cometh

Building your Financial Life The Taxman Cometh Building your Financial Life: The Taxman Cometh Building your Financial Life: The Taxman ComethOppLoans Monthly Budget GuideWith major changes to the tax code rolled out in 2018, many Americans are feeling even more overwhelmed than usual this tax season. From reports of smaller-than-expected refunds to significant modifications to popular deductions like home mortgage interest, sitting down to tackle your tax return can seem like a project best put off until tomorrow … or next month.If you take no other piece of advice from this guide, make it this: don’t let uncertainty around taxes prevent you from filing your tax return by April 15. (Or April 17 if you live in Maine or Massachusettsâ€"thanks Patriots Day!) If you’re feeling the pressure as Tax Day approaches, keep in mind that it is easy to file for an extensionâ€"you can file online or download, print and mail the appropriate forms from the IRS website.If you’ve already filed your tax returns and found that you owed the IRS a manageable amount or received a small refu ndâ€"congratulations! Feel free to stop reading and buy yourself some avocado toast.For the rest of us who may need additional guidance, we are taking a look at some common tax situations that can seriously impact your budget. From the best way to put your refund to work for you, to smart strategies for managing your tax bill, we’ll discuss how you can turn tax time from a source of stress into just another expense that you’ve budgeted for.Putting your refund to work for you.When you receive a tax refund it is best not to think of it as a windfall, but as a part of your annual income. After all, a windfall is found money! A tax refund is not a gift from the IRS, but repayment of a no-interest loan that you have made to the governmentâ€"in fact, it is money that has been taken directly from your paycheck (and therefore from your monthly budget) all year long.We’ll talk more about why receiving a large tax refund is less than ideal, but if you find yourself sitting on a large pi le of cash this year, here are some budget-smart ideas for putting your refund to work for you.First on your list should be these key budget priorities:Fund your emergency account.If you’ve been following our budget guide, you already know the importance of having 3-6 months of living expenses stashed away. If your safety net is underfunded, your highest priority for your tax refund should be bolstering your emergency fund.Pay off high-interest debt.Once you have topped off your rainy day fund, your next step should be tackling any high-interest debt, such as credit card debt or payday loans. If you have been stuck in a cycle of incurring debt only to pay it off when you receive your annual tax refund, now is the perfect time to adjust your W-4 so that you receive more of your money in each paycheck.Purchase peace of mind.Receiving a tax refund is a great opportunity to revisit your financial and estate planning, particularly if you have been putting it off because of cost concern s. In our budget guide for couples [link], we talked about the importance of protecting yourself, your partner, and your family against a worst-case scenario. An influx of cash like a tax refund can help you to fill in the gaps, such as consulting with an estate planning attorney to draft a will, purchasing additional life insurance, or other protections that make sense for your financial and family situation.Once you’ve met these high-priority budget obligations, you have several tax-advantaged options for using your refund:The tax advantage of retirement savings.If you are not maxing out your retirement savings, an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) can be a great choice for funding your retirement while maximizing tax benefits. To help determine what type of IRA is best for you, the IRS offers guidelines around contribution limits and tax status.Get smart about saving for college.If there are educational expenses on the horizon, for yourself, your children, or grandchildren, i nvesting in a 529 plan, a tax-advantaged savings plan for educational expenses, could be a smart use of your tax refund.Of course, saving for the long-term is not the only way to go. Using your refund to address more immediate needs can also be a smart decision:Jump start your savings.Whether you are dreaming of a down payment on a house, a new car, or a dream vacation, your tax refund can provide a great head start towards achieving some of your larger savings goals.Spend now, save later.Spending your refund is not a bad thingâ€"particularly if you funnel it into a purchase that will save you money in the long run. If you are a homeowner, that might mean energy-efficient home improvement projects like new windows or replacing an old appliance that is on its last legs.Invest in yourself.Investing in yourself means different things to different people. Perhaps your career goals include a professional certification to improve your earning potential (although it is certainly worth aski ng if your employer will chip in). Or maybe you have other goals that will improve your quality of life, such as fitness sessions with a personal trainer or finally scheduling your LASIK surgery. The ROI on you is immeasurable.Four weddings and a baby.Are you standing up in four weddings on opposite coasts this summer? Expecting a babyâ€"and expecting to dramatically increase your spending on diapers and daycare in a few months? Even if you’ve been setting money aside for these big expenses, it seems like something unpredictable always pops up. If you have a major event on the horizon, it may be worthwhile to stash your refund cash in a separate account you can tap into when you’re at the bachelor party and you discover that there’s a tiger in the bathroom.Give generously.When you find yourself in possession of a large amount of cash, dedicating it to causes that matter not only feels great but provides a wonderful way to make an impact at an organization that is meaningful to you.10 percent for fun.As they say on Parks and Recreation, treat yourself! This is money you have been setting aside all year, so if you dedicate 90 percent of your tax refund towards something budget-savvy, don’t feel guilty about spending a small portion on something fun.But what if I owe money?First and foremost, do not let uncertainty around your tax liability prevent you from filing your taxes. The IRS can levy penalties for both failing to file a tax return and failing to pay taxes by the April 15 deadline, as well as interest on the balance you owe and a monthly late payment penalty. Avoid incurring unnecessary fees and be sure to file your return or request an extension no later than April 15.If you do find yourself facing an unexpectedly high tax bill, you can take concrete steps to lessen the financial impact:If you can afford to pay some amount towards your tax debt, it is wise to do that at the time you file, to minimize interest and penalties. If you have paid as mu ch as you can and still owe additional money, your best option going forward may be to set up a long-term or short-term payment plan. Those who qualify can quickly set up a monthly payment agreement for up to 72 months using the Online Payment Agreement  form. You will be charged a setup fee, but this can be waived if you meet the requirements for a low-income waiver. Additionally, if paying your taxes would severely limit your ability to support yourself and your family, you may qualify for the IRS hardship program. To help you understand the ins and outs of specific payment plans, the IRS has a helpful FAQ page for your reference. Once you have reached a payment plan agreement, be sure to update your monthly budget to reflect this new ongoing expense.The one thing you should absolutely not do is ignore your tax bill. Beyond charging interest and penalties, the IRS has the ability to collect outstanding tax debts by seizing assets including wages, social security benefits, and futu re tax refunds. To learn more about what to do if your tax bill is higher than you can afford, check out the OppLoans Financial Sense blog for more advice from tax experts.Tax planning to maximize your monthly budget.What exactly is wrong with getting a tax refund? Many people think of their refund as an annual ‘bonus’. However, receiving a refund is not like winning the lotteryâ€"it is your own money that you have been lending to the government, interest-free, throughout the year.However, the topic of tax refunds can be a sensitive one. A recent personal finance column in the Washington Post took a look at some of the underlying reasons people prefer to overpay and receive a refund. Even for taxpayers who are aware that withholding more money than necessary goes against the conventional advice of tax experts, some cite the peace of mind of knowing that they won’t face a large tax bill; others, the benefits of saving money somewhere where they can’t readily access it. If you ’ve come to rely on your yearly tax refund to tackle some of your larger financial goals, it can be hard to break the habit.This time of year, when taxes are top of mind, is the perfect time to revisit your withholding. If you found yourself receiving a large refund or owing a significant amount of money on your taxes, or if you experienced a life event this year such as changing jobs or the birth of a child, it may be time to make adjustments and provide your employer with an updated W-4.While you are completing your tax forms and have your relevant tax documents on hand, take advantage of one of several helpful online calculators to update your withholding. The IRS Withholding Calculator is one such tool; the Intuit TurboTax W-4 Withholding Calculator offers a comprehensive guide that allows you to factor in retirement savings, education expenses, and other details that impact your specific tax scenario. Once you have calculated the correct number of allowances, you can also fin e-tune your refund or the amount you expect to owe by withholding a specific dollar amount each pay period.If you have been following our monthly budget guide, you know that having an accurate picture of your finances is critically important. When you sat down to make your initial monthly budget, you gathered as much information as you could about your income and expenses, and taxes are a huge piece of that puzzle. There is no better time to make sure that you are making every dollar work for youâ€"whether that means meeting your tax obligations throughout the year, or reclaiming your refund for your ongoing budget goals. Do you have a question about budgeting? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  Instagram

The Declaration Of The United States Essay - 1831 Words

Today, it is safe to say that many of United Sates citizens are unsure about the future of our country. In Our Declaration, Danielle Allen claims that the future of our country is secured by citizens who play their part in the system. She writes, â€Å"Politics is an activity where people, thanks to their wakefulness, can organize themselves and set up institutions so that they can all collectively protect themselves without having to fight with each other† (Allen 176). She has confidence that citizens can diagnose the current state of our country and the political world through interaction with other each other to build unified intelligence through democratic conversation. Democratic conversation occurs when citizens cooperatively and intelligently discuss and provide their views on certain matters which determine the present and future state of our country. â€Å"For the Declaration we are all equal in having the capacity to judge relations among facts, principles, and courses of action† (Allen 91). But is Allen’s claim realistic? Allen is partially justified because our country is more tolerant today than it ever has been when it comes to sexuality and marriage, and gender. However, Allen’s optimism is not entirely realistic because of the common stubborn citizens, and the uneducated citizens not willing to take part in democratic conversations. Our country is more tolerant today than ever before, and this supports Allen’s confidence in our citizens to take part inShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of The United States Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. 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However, remaining as part of the United States would be the best resolutionRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States1346 Words   |  6 Pageseventually resulted in a Revolutionary War between England and the Colonies; The Thirteen Colonies won the war. It was the Treaty of Paris (1783) that finally ended all ties with Britain; America would claim its identity as its own. The Declaration of Independence (1776), written by only educated white men – Thomas Jefferson (Southern Colony), Benjamin Franklin (Middle Colony), and John Adams (Northern Colony) - established the basic rights that citizens were entitled to in a free countryRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States990 Words   |  4 PagesForeign Affairs Committee, it addressed issues pertaining the relationship between Britain and the United States9. 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The basis of the document being all men were equal with unalienable rights is the backbone for our country and we had maintained it as our backbone. It may have been a bit of a rough road on the way but it had been done. He not only claimed we had remainedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States897 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence stated the United States should be established as a country, free from British control, the U.S. Constitution is a set of rules for that nation to follow, and Mark Twain’s As Regards Patriotism examin es how these two documents affect the mindset of this country. Groupthink, not a word use in 1900, when Twain penned his essay, but it is a good analogy of what he was discussing. Psychology Today says, â€Å"Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and coherenceRead MoreThe United States Of The Declaration Of Independence1404 Words   |  6 PagesOn July 4th, 1776 the American Colonists ratified The Declaration of Independence. This Declaration severed their final ties to England and idealized the formation of an equal society, independent of a corrupted centralized government like that of Britain. In order to accomplish this perfect nation, the Americans followed the Declaration with the creation of The Articles of Confederation. The Confederation s purpose was to guide the young republic to a decentralized government that upheld the

Loyalty cards Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1984 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? and why do some work and others do not (appear to)? Why are you undertaking the research? In an increasingly global environment, organisations, its people, strategy and marketing, and its structure are finding themselves constantly seeking innovative ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors. The complex business interactions synonymous with modern society has witnessed the consumer gaining in status and decision making power whilst the retailer explores new avenues enabling them to provide superior products and services acting as the differentiator amongst competitors. Consequently the crux for all retailers in maintaining and attracting consumers stems from the notion of customer loyalty; customers commitment to do business with a particular organisation, purchasing their goods and services repeatedly, and recommending the services and products to friends and associates (McIlroy and Barnett, 2000) There appears however to be varying schools of thought over whether loyalty schemes and card do actuall y work in favour of the retailer, or whether the advantage lies instead in the hands of the customer, or indeed whether there is a mutually beneficial relationship present. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Loyalty cards Example For Free" essay for you Create order The UK Competition Commission (2002) found that the average consumer holds at least two loyalty cards with retailers in direct competition such as Tesco and Sainsburys, where Shabi (2003) found at least 85 per cent of UK households have at least one loyalty card. Dick and Beau (1994) propose that loyalty has both behavioural and attitudinal components. This dissertation will address the former of the behavioural component and seek to identify how consumers behaviour has changed since the introduction of loyalty schemes in the 1990s in relation to present day, and provide recommendations on how retailers can maximise consumer patterns to their advantage. What will be the gain in knowledge? The gain in knowledge which will arise from the above will present itself in the following ways: Maximising effectiveness within customer loyalty market research to generate solid data from a questionnaire which will try to identify the why and what factors of consumer habits using pertinent research methods (discussed later). As retailers seek to innovate into new growth areas accurate market data is essential to maximise customer retention through a strong understanding of behaviour and motivation. Developing new proposals for customer loyalty cards and schemes drawing on the findings from the data analysis which are more pertinent to todays society, taking into account the increasing choice of loyalty schemes available to the consumer in an increasingly saturated loyalty market. Literature review What theoretical issues will you examine? Sopanen (1996) posits that there are six different types of loyalty, where UK retailers fall within the incentivised loyalty segment: Monopoly loyalty; where there are no available choices Inertia loyalty; customers do not actively seek substitutes Convenience loyalty; loyalty is solely defined by location Price loyalty; customers are influenced by the lowest price Incentivised loyalty; loyalty relates to the benefits gained from reward cards and programmes such as UK retail giants Tesco and Sainsburys Emotional loyalty; customers are influenced by factors such as brand Mauri (2003) remarks that the UK retail sector has embraced the notion of incentivised loyalty since the introduction of loyalty cards and schemes in the 1990s where, initially established as a strategic marketing tool to garner valuable consumer data its continued use suggests that there are considerable benefits to both customers and retailers who participate in these schemes. Noorhoff et al (2004) and Sharp and Sharp (1997) believe the loyalty card exerts a positive impact on increasing customer loyalty through development of long lasting relationships and creation of a sense of belonging, where Uncles, 1994 strengthens this notion the retailer is prepared to listen, is willing to innovate on behalf of customers, and is caring, concerned and considerate. Presently however according to Byrom (2001) there are more than 150 loyalty schemes in the UK with a resulting circulation of 40 million cards; therefore it poses the question of growing concern of a saturated or loyalt y overload market within the UK retail market and the subsequent consumer behavioural response to this. Consumer Behaviour Behavioural loyalty can be demonstrated through measurable characteristics such as increased shopping frequency, sensitivity to price, an individuals retention over time and spending pattern (Oliver, 1999) where incentivized rewards such as discounts and points target specifically this form of loyalty. However due to the competiveness of giant retailers such as Sainsburys and Tesco and the ever increasing influx of incentives available to consumers its possible that customer perception is being altered due to the increase in choices, which in turn influences their behaviour. An example is a recent quote from a supermarket customer who claims I AM loyal to my grocery store à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I simply carry both loyalty cards (Lamb, Hair McDonald, 2008) an indication that the customer will only shop at their preferred store only when it benefits them the most. Based on the above, which are your research questions? Be as clear about these as possible. I am ideally looking to explore: If loyalty cards are effective in retention of retail customers what are the behavioural changes that have occurred within the consumer to support this since the introduction of the loyalty card system in the 1990s as opposed to present day? (Note to client; this is an idea for you to base upon; if it is too diverse you can break this down into 1) the period of 1995 onwards when the first loyalty scheme was introduced 2) focus just on present day 3) support the change in behaviour of customers and criticise the retail industry such as Tesco 4) vice versa to 3 or 4) subjectively discuss both sides) Methodology How are you going to address the research questions? This question will be addressed through dissemination of a comprehensive questionnaire encapsulating the following research methods: Kerlinger and Lee (2000) Theory Dependent viewpoint of why questions examining the relationships between variables and predicting the outcome i.e. theorising that the introduction of loyalty cards will lead to customers not shopping at competitors stores Phillps and Pugh (2005) Descriptive research of what questions looking for patterns within relationships and theories i.e. assuming the above theory is correct what would be reasons for these relationships? Distributed out to a demographic cross-section of people encompassing different ages, nationalities, status (single, married) and religious beliefs representative of the British consumer.(Note to client; if this is too difficult then ensure that you have picked a diverse profile of known individuals to yourself) Sample Questionnaire: These are suggestions for the questionnaire; where it is recommended that a maximum of fifty questions are provided, equating to ten to fifteen minutes of completion time per person. The questionnaire can be adapted to 1) retail stores and managers 2) consumers; enabling flexibility in question choices i.e. for the retail manager What do you perceive to be the biggest behavioural change in shopping habits of the consumer since introduction of loyalty cards? to the consumer What do you actively perceive to the biggest changes in your purchase behaviour since the introduction of loyalty cards? Suggestions: Descriptive Research -Do you have any of the following cards? (Tesco Clubcard, Sainsburys Nectarcard) Do you have any other /loyalty cards for retail stores other than supermarkets (Boots The Chemist or Homebase the DIY store)? -How did you obtain the cards? -Of the cards you have list them in chronological order with the most recent first: -From the cards that you have, which do you use the most? Why? -What made you obtain the card? -How often do you show the card? -Please indicate the maximum value ( £1 per point) you have ever achieved on your card? -Have you used any of the cards you own to receive discount from another retailer(s)? -If you answered yes to the above question what were the motivators which made you change your shopping habits to the other retailer? Theory dependent viewpoints à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why questions in an attempt to draw relationships between theory: Do you agree or disagree with these statements: I would visit other supermarkets not currently involved with loyalty schemes if they began this service -I would stop shopping at my current supermarket if they stopped the loyalty program -Price is the main determinant for my choice of supermarket -I always play them off against each other so I can exploit the cost savings and promotional offers to get the best deal for me -Loyalty has a different meaning to the consumer as compared to the retailer How are you going to acquire and analyse the identified data? Data analysis for the descriptive questions will be qualitative analysis which will be used to support or attack the theory dependent questions; i.e. once a relationship has been found from patterns in the statistical analysis this qualitative data should provide reasons for this, and thus recommendations can be given. Data analysis for the theory dependent questions can be measured on the scale of 1-5 (1 strongly agree / 5 strongly disagree) and presented quantitatively: -Ensure that these questionnaires go out to a proportionate sample size i.e. segment accordingly on different demographics -After retrieving the data analysis can be undertaken using simple statistical analysis (i.e. mean, mode, standard deviation etc) -You are looking to see whether there are significant patterns appearing which either support or criticise your hypothesis, where you can offer recommendations off the back of these. Data Which organisations, individuals or sources will provide the necessary data? Any UK retail organisation, consumers, retail bodies, consumer bodies, and any relevant literature. Will the data be available in the depth required? Yes: providing the questionnaire is distributed effectively. Are there matters of confidentiality? No: I do not foresee any confidentiality issues from the consumer nor the retailer providing the questions asked follow the same structure as those suggested. Discussion What is your hypothesis? It is hypothesised that the increasing availability of loyalty schemes is beginning to saturate the market to one which favours the customer rather than the retailer. Application of research methods will enable identification of key relationships which support this hypothesis and thus provide recommendations to counter it. How will this guide the research? It is anticipated that the hypothesis will assist the dissertation resear ch by ensuring it remains succinct and follows the objects. How will you make adjustments following any changes in the hypothesis? It is anticipated that the only amendments will be data which may be need to be revisited depending on the effectiveness of the questionnaire. Bibliography Blumberg, A, Cooper D.R, Schindler, P.S (2008) Business Research Methods; Mc-Graw-Hill Education Bryman, A Bell, E (2007) Business Research methods; Oxford University Press Byrom, J (2001) The role of loyalty card data within local marketing initiatives, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 29 No. 7 Egan, C Thomas, M (1998) The CIM handbook of strategic marketing- CIM professional development series; Butterworth-Heinemann Hobbs, R, Rowley, J (2008) Are pub discount cards loyalty cards? The Journal of Consumer Marketing Santa Barbara Vol 25 Iss 6 Lamb, W Hair, J McDaniel, C (2008) Essentials of marketing; Cengage Learning Oliver, R.L (1999) Whence customer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63 No. 4, Peppers, D Rogers, M (2004) Managing customer relationships; a strategic framework; John Wiley and Sons Noordhoff, C., Pauwels, P. and Odekerken-SchrÃÆ' ¶der, G. (2004), The effect of customer card programmes: a comparative study in Singapore and The Netherlands, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 15 No. 4, Saunders, M, Lewis, P Thornhill, A (2007) Research methods for business student; Prentice Hall Seth, A Randall, G (2001) The grocers: the rise and rise of the supermarket chains; Kogan Page Publishers Sharp, B. and Sharp, A. (1997), Loyalty programs and their impact on repeat-purchase loyalty patterns, International Journal of Research in Management, Vol. 14 Sopanen, B. (1996) Enhancing customer loyalty, Retail Week Smith, A, Sparks, L, Hart, S, Tzokas, N (2004) Delivering customer loyalty schemes in retailing: exploring the employee dimension; International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol 32, Iss 4/5 Uncles, M. (1994) Do you or your customers need a loyalty scheme? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 4

Book Summary Free Essays

Book Summary Beginning chapter one with citing one of the ten commandments, â€Å"Thou shall not steal,† Wayne Grudem sets the stage of what is about to come; a black and white analysis on how having business success does not necessarily make you fall short of being a â€Å"good† Christian. As a well-known, very credible Christian theologist, one may wonder why Grudem would venture out to right a book solely about business. â€Å"Business for the Glory of God,† looks at business ownership, profitability, money, competition, and borrowing and lending, just to name a few topics. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will take a look at a few of the controversial topics, and share insight of why they may or may not be feasible arguments for why business is, â€Å"a gift from God. † When Grudem speaks of the commandment that states, â€Å"Thou shall not steal,† he uses this as evidence that by stealing, one must have their own possessions, and if we did not have possessions, this commandment would make no sense. This is a reasonable assumption, therefore it can be a good way to begin discussing how ownership is not so bad; on the contrary, if Grudem is unable to offer clear, factual information, his credibility may waiver. Chapter one continues with Grudem’s discussion of how ownership is not synonymic for greed, and if one is selfless and realizes that God is the real business owner, he has not sinned. The points that Grudem makes are quite valid, and are very simple, and to the point; the issue with this, is that these may seem like simple subjects, however the responses are more analytical than what is given. When speaking of ownership, the only viewpoint is one attempting to prove that business ownership is not a sinful act; without overcoming specific objections that this may be a sinful act. While the writer makes valid arguments, he tends to only cater to what he believes, instead of being philosophical on the subject. This can lead to the reader questioning the content being read, and frankly can lead to distrust in the content overall. A similar argument would be, â€Å"The world was created in six days overall, because the Bible said so. † Though this may be feasible to someone who acknowledges that the Bible is accurate, it is not a proper argument for those who look for a deeper understanding of the matter. Chapter four’s focus is commercial transactions; the beginning of the chapter reads, â€Å"Buying and selling are fundamentally good and provide many opportunities for glorifying God, but also many temptations to sin. † On the topic of buying and selling, Grudem discusses how selfish motives can easily lead to a sinful nature. When a business or individual is making a profit from their company, and they do not share the profits accordingly with their partners, they have encountered a sinful nature. Also, when a business begins focusing on their profits only, they have â€Å"idolized† money, and forgotten their original business promises. Grudem speaks of many good points on how buying and selling is essentially trading, so that we can get what we need. This is obviously what makes our economy, and allows us to provide for our families accordingly. Unfortunately, an unaddressed concern would be price gouging. For a typical, middle class American, there are a lot of products and services that are necessary that are outrageously expensive due to circumstances. One example of an unethical, non-Christian business practice would be pricing generators at a higher price due to power outages. This is unfair to the consumer who needs the product, and demonstrates the seller’s greed. Profits allow businesses to succeed; if there was no money earned for one’s labor, a business would be unsuccessful. Reasoning as to why profits are not against what Christianity stands for, is because if we make something and sell it for a higher price, we are generally selling the value that we have added to a product. Mass merchandisers, such as Wal-Mart, have the ability to sell items at low prices, because they can financially order items in very large quantities. The discounts that they receive on their merchandise are evidential to the buyer, who chooses to buy their items because they are the cheapest. It becomes a pattern; and being that consumers are primarily focused on the cost point, Wal-Mart has become somewhat of a monopoly. There is no physical value added to purchasing things from Wal-Mart, but there is value in saving a dollar or two. Due to the fact that privately owned supermarkets barely stand a chance against a mass merchandiser, â€Å"mom and pop† places are forced to close, with the inability to compete. Though price is a consumer’s primary concern, if there were lower costs of living, small businesses would have a lower overhead cost, and would not be forced to raise their prices for consumers. This is not insinuating that mass merchandisers are being sinful with their low prices; this simply demonstrates how the government’s involvement in protecting small businesses can drive the economy. In chapter eight, Grudem discusses competition; this is probably one of the most controversial subjects surrounding one’s idea that businesses are synonymous with greed and corruption. Competition can be defined from several different view points, and can be either positive or negative. One example of friendly competition would be a children’s basketball game. Children are encouraged to be aggressive, and to win, however, they realize that the game is to be played fairly, and friendly. Teams know that at the end of the year, the best teams â€Å"win†, and are awarded accordingly, which is another motivator for friendly competition. Competition takes place through all business standpoints, and sometimes goes without notice. In my workplace, there is friendly competition amongst employees who are selling phones. Being that our pay is based on what we sell, this friendly competition can turn ugly very quickly; it just depends on your mindset. Being a Christian, I do not participate in unethical behavior that can hinder someone else, or me. I always make an attempt to treat each associate fairly, and I refrain from using foul or negative language. The unfortunate part is that not all associates will feel the same way about this, and this can lead to a tense environment, and ultimately employee remorse. This example demonstrates the positive and negative aspects of competition from a Christian viewpoint. Throughout his very short, theological book, Grudem tends to make a black and white analysis of topics pertaining to business. Throughout my reading, I found that his points were very valid; however, they could be contradicted very easily. To a common reader who may not have much knowledge on Christian theology, it would be feasible that they search for further explanation. This book would benefit from the author having more of a philosophical mindset, and sharing both views on the matter with conclusive evidence as to why his viewpoint is correct. In this instance, the reader yearns for more information and ultimately, a better argument. The writer begins each chapter with stating that all â€Å"can† lead to sin if you let it, but he does not elaborate enough. For my educational purposes, I found this book very helpful in its attempt to shed light on a commonly overlooked topic in the Christian world. I was able to see Grudem’s points very clearly, and more importantly, I was able to gain information that can help me in my profession. WORKS CITED Grudem, Wayne. Business for the Glory of God: The Bible’s Teaching On the Moral Goodness of Business. Wheaton, IL: Good News Publishers/Crossway Books, 2003 How to cite Book Summary, Papers

War is Nothing Like Criminality and Chaos

State building is the process of creating new governments or transforming the existing ones to enhance the governance process (Coyne and Pellillo 6). This concept is highly utilized by established states on entities extensively rocked by political instabilities. It is usually an intervention by well-established organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War is Nothing Like Criminality and Chaos specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These organizations, establish strategies for renewing the failed states. In those places where it is rampant, it highly creates a governing regime with competitive personnel thus enhancing the state’s operational effectiveness (Coyne and Pellillo 7). In as much as state building is a method of reforming failed/failing states, it is crucial to note that states cannot be build without commitment. According to Hezbollah’s secretary general, it is impossible to build states. Sources indicate that establishing suitable governance for Lebanon might be impossible. The formation of militia groups intending to sabotage the America’s plan of enhancing peace and prosperity for Lebanon poses many challenges (Coyne and Pellillo 15). Sources confirmed existence of authorities working to aid the militia group’s effort of dismantling the America’s plan to help Lebanon’s political as well as economic wellness. If this militia’s strategy succeeds, then it would become impossible for the American project to succeed. The escalating possession of superior weapons by the militia makes the project impractical. He argued that challenges witnessed resulted from availability of many political parties that derailed the entire process.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 2001, the Taliban movement in Afghanistan led to many con sequences. The war left the entire economy poor and the country wrecked (Krause 17). In an endeavor to rebuild the state, the government came up with new development strategies. Back in 2010, the Afghanistan government initiated a project known as the Kabul process. The idea behind it was to enhance good leadership for the country thus realizing the anticipated growth in future. In an effort to achieve these goals, the Afghanistan government initiated 23 programs mainly addressing good service delivery, a responsible governing system, and infrastructure development (Krause 33). The government also requested the interested donors to implement programs aligned to Afghanistan’s â€Å"National Priority Programs† (Krause 33). Additionally, other international bodies interested in the country’s development have initiatives similar to those for the country. The International Development Agency (IDA) plays a momentous part in helping Afghanistan’s government powe r building, developing her economy and enhancing reliability of the private sector. The country had many donors in the year 2002. The overall donation totaled to US $ 4.1 billion comprising of the highest budget for the country ever (Krause 35). The World Bank contributes highly to the country’s economic advancement. The programs established by IDA help the country in attaining her goals. The community empowerment strategies significantly help enhance the people welfare. IDA works tirelessly in assisting the country develop economic wise (Kremer, Lieshout and Went 157).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War is Nothing Like Criminality and Chaos specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, in achieving economic stability, there is need of creating employment opportunities. This association aids in propagating agriculture development. Following its efforts, the country’s infrastructure has immensely dev eloped thus easing shipping of the produce across markets. Despite the appreciated growth in most sectors of the country, some aspects are not fully met. The country’s public service remains deprived, therefore, the government need to enact strategies geared to restore democracy in the country (Kremer, Lieshout Went 158). The government needs to establish institutions transparent enough to serve the public accordingly. Corruption among the officials limits the country’s ability, to meet its specified goals. The concept of state building is crucial in rejuvenating failed states. This is because of high prevalence of international organizations mandated to assisting their growth. In Afghanistan, various organizations developed interest in aiding its development. As a result, the economic sectors developed. Contrary, the efforts have not fully developed the public service operations. It is therefore evident that, building a country depends on the country’s willing ness and preparedness to transform, but not pressure from external factors. Works cited Coyne, Christopher. Pellillo, Adam. The art of seeing like a state: State-building in Afghanistan, the Congo and beyond. March 23, 2011. Web. Krause, Joachim. International state building and reconstruction efforts: experience gained and lessons learned a publication of the aspen institute Germany. Farmington hills, MI: Barbara Budrich, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kremer, Monique, Lieshout, Peter and Went Robert. Doing good or doing better: development policies in a globalizing world. New York, NY: Amsterdam university press, 2010. Print. This essay on War is Nothing Like Criminality and Chaos was written and submitted by user Ahmad Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.